French Second Empire 1855-1885

As the name implies, this style was imported from France in the mid 19th century; it was the style used in the great rebuilding of Paris under Napoleon III.

	"Kimballwood" on Rt. 9, in Brookfield, MA is familiar to many, and is an excellent example of the fully developed Second Empire Style. The decoration is a mix of classical and Romanesque; quoins at the corners are classical, but round-headed dormers are Romanesque. The porch is found on most Second Empire Houses, but the mansard roof - this one with a concave, or bell curve -is what defines the style. Kimballwood was built in 1864.

			The rise of textile manufacturing and prosperity generated by the railroads made construction a booming industry in New England in the 1870s, a decade that corresponded with the popularity of the French Second Empire style, so that most every town has several examples. Few are so grand as this, which stands in Medfield, MA.

The identifying element for this style is the Mansard roof, a steep sided roof which is a full story high with dormers set above the main cornice. The roof sides may be curved or straight and often shingled in slate.
Houses are usually of two stories with a third in the roof and nearly square. The facade is of three or more bays with large single pane double-hung sash arranged symmetrically. Center and side hall plans are common, and, while most New England houses are wood frame, brick and stone examples can be found in urban areas. Ornamentation is drawn from Classical and Renaissance sources and is very similar to Italianate. (During the 1870s, some earlier Italianate and even Federal era houses were stylishly updated by the addition of a Mansard roof. Without close inspection, these buildings can be misidentified or incorrectly dated.

	This is a humble Second Empire House in Douglas, MA, which has not been substantially altered. Second Empire was one of the few styles used on large public buildings as well as small homes like this one.

Characteristically the original exterior colors were light, to resemble stone. The style was very popular throughout New England, and virtually every town shows some examples.

French culture pervaded art, architecture and planning theory in this period. The best example of both the style and streetscape based on new Parisian ideas is Commonwealth Avenue in Back Bay Boston, between Copley Square and the Public Garden, which was developed in the 1860s and '70s.